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Na'viteri
https://naviteri.org/2024/12/odds-and-ends/
Odds and Ends
2024-12-28 — ... left.' GENITIVE: teyngä (from tì'eyngä a) Tìrunìl teyngä lumpe po holum oeti keftxo 'eykolefu. 'The discovery of why he left saddened me.' tìrun (n., tì.RUN) 'discovery' TOPICAL: teyngria (from tì'eyngri a) Teyngria lumpe po holum oel ke tslam ke'ut. 'I understand nothing about why he left.' ('As for why he left, I understand nothing.') Note: The dat...
Na'viteri
https://naviteri.org/2024/09/pxevola-liu-amip-two-dozen-new-words/
Pxevola lì'u amip - Two dozen new words
2024-09-30 — ...t be added to the next post? 🙂 I love the new words, one typo in an example sentence: "Ngeyä aysafpìlmì tse'änga oel keve'ot nì'aw." -> aysäfpìlmì Also one question about the topical: In two example sentences you change "vur" to "vuri" for the topical. I would have expected "vurìri" (as it ends in a consonant). Can the topical ending be shortened to just -...
Horen Lì'fyayä leNa'vi [PDF]
https://files.learnnavi.org/docs/horen-lenavi.pdf
7.2.1 Topical Case
2024-08-27 — In Na'vi only nouns, noun phrases and pronouns can be topics. These are marked with the topical case (-ri, -ìri). More complex topics can be created with nominalized clauses (§6.18.4).
Horen Lì'fyayä leNa'vi [PDF]
https://files.learnnavi.org/docs/horen-lenavi.pdf
7.2.2 Topical Role
2024-08-27 — ...familiar with it because almost any syntactic role in a sentence may be pulled out of the sentence to be the topic. One idiomatic use is marking inalienable possession (§6.4.6.3). But you can use the topical where English would simply use a direct object. But the relationship between the topic may not match a strict syntactic role, tooFayupxare layu aysngä'iyufpi, fte lì'fyari awngeyä fo tsìyevun...
Horen Lì'fyayä leNa'vi [PDF]
https://files.learnnavi.org/docs/horen-lenavi.pdf
7.2.3 Using the Topical
2024-08-27 — Each human language has its own rules and tendencies about when the topical should be used. At this stage it is a little difficult to set rules for this, but a few tendencies can be drawn from what we have seen so far. First, so far Frommer has not used topic-comment constru...
Horen Lì'fyayä leNa'vi [PDF]
https://files.learnnavi.org/docs/horen-lenavi.pdf
7.3.2.1
2024-08-27 — In prose the topical will come first in its clause or immediately after a conjunction (§6.4.6.1). Inverse, it may move deeper into the clause structure, pxan livu txo nì'aw oe ngari / tsakrr nga Na'viru yomtìyìng...
Horen Lì'fyayä leNa'vi [PDF]
https://files.learnnavi.org/docs/horen-lenavi.pdf
3.1.1 Cases
2024-08-27 — ...g Subjective –,–,– Agentive -l,-ìl,-ìl Patientive -t, -ti -it, -ti -ti, -it, -ay-(i)t/-ay-ti, -ey-t(i) Dative -r, -ru -ur, -'-ru -ru, -ur, -aw-(u)r/-aw-ru, -ew-r(u) Genitive -yä,-o-ä,-u-ä, -ä, -ä Topical -ri,-ìri,-ri The case names Frommer uses reflect the terminology used by Bernard Comrie in his writings on ergative languages. In most linguistic writing Frommer's "subjective" is called ...
Horen Lì'fyayä leNa'vi [PDF]
https://files.learnnavi.org/docs/horen-lenavi.pdf
3.1.2 Foreign Nouns
2024-08-27 — ...th a vowel—-it and -ur—arepermitted. A form like *Kelnti is not a permitted Na'vi word shape. Subjective Kelnì Agentive Kelnìl, Keln-ìl, not Kelnì-l Patientive Kelnit Dative Kelnur Genitive Kelnä Topical Kelnìri, Keln-ìri, not Kelnì-ri
Horen Lì'fyayä leNa'vi [PDF]
https://files.learnnavi.org/docs/horen-lenavi.pdf
3.4.2 Fì'u and Tsaw in Clause Nominalization
2024-08-27 — ...9;u Contraction, Tsaw Contraction, Subjective, fwa (< fì'u a), tsawa Agentive fula (< fì'ul a), tsala Patientive futa (< fì'ut a), tsata Dative fura (< fì'ur a), tsara Topical furia (< fì'uri a), tsaria
Horen Lì'fyayä leNa'vi [PDF]
https://files.learnnavi.org/docs/horen-lenavi.pdf
6.2.7.2
2024-08-27 — ...th the idiom nìftxan adjective na noun or pronoun, as in oe lu nìftxan sìltsan na nga I am as good as you. If the point of comparison is a pronoun, or definite noun already part of the discourse, the topical case may be used, ngari lu oe nìftxan sìltsan. This construction is also usable with adverbs.
Horen Lì'fyayä leNa'vi [PDF]
https://files.learnnavi.org/docs/horen-lenavi.pdf
6.3.5 Sno
2024-08-27 — ...found in a sentence like "he prepared his meal." Without clarification, it may not be clear if "his" refers to the person preparing the dinner or someone else. Sno can refer back to a topical acting as the subject. As of Dec 2020 there remain questions about how to resolve sneyä, etc., when a topical and subject are both in play, as well as whether or not sneyä can refer to things in an o...
Horen Lì'fyayä leNa'vi [PDF]
https://files.learnnavi.org/docs/horen-lenavi.pdf
6.4.6 Topical
2024-08-27 — The topical case marks the topic in a topic-comment construction. See Topic- Comment, §7.2, for a longer discussion of this use. The topical has a few more fixed uses, as well.
Horen Lì'fyayä leNa'vi [PDF]
https://files.learnnavi.org/docs/horen-lenavi.pdf
6.4.6.1
2024-08-27 — In prose, a topical noun phrase will come as early in the clause as possible: first in a main clause, but after the conjunction if in a subordinate clause.
Horen Lì'fyayä leNa'vi [PDF]
https://files.learnnavi.org/docs/horen-lenavi.pdf
6.4.6.2
2024-08-27 — The topical is often used with the si-verb irayo si to thank to indicate the thing for which you're giving thanks, tìmweypeyri ayngeyä seiyi irayo nìngay I really thank you for your patience.
Horen Lì'fyayä leNa'vi [PDF]
https://files.learnnavi.org/docs/horen-lenavi.pdf
6.4.6.3
2024-08-27 — The topical can be used to mark inalienable possession. Inalienable possession is possession of those things which are intrinsically yours, and which in theory cannot be given away or taken (except by damage). I...
Horen Lì'fyayä leNa'vi [PDF]
https://files.learnnavi.org/docs/horen-lenavi.pdf
6.4.6.4
2024-08-27 — The topical can be used for the point of comparison in comparisons of equality (see §6.2.7.2)
Horen Lì'fyayä leNa'vi [PDF]
https://files.learnnavi.org/docs/horen-lenavi.pdf
6.18.5.1
2024-08-27 — ...le in the main clause. For example, in the subjective (fwa) as the intransitive subject of lu:Law lu oeru fwa nga mì reltseo nolume nìtxan. It is clear to me that you have learned much in art. In the topical (a fì'uri) with irayo si: Ngal oeyä 'upxaret aysuteru fpole' a fì'uri, ngaru irayo seiyi oe nìtxan. I thank you very much for sending my message to people. As the direct object (futa)...
Language Updates | LearnNa'vi Forum
https://forum.learnnavi.org/?msg=698456
Family does not count as inalianable grammatically
2024-05-13 — In a recent discussion in the LN discord I suggested that family does not count as inalienable regarding the genitive vs. topical question, and made some statistics based on the sentences we have so far. To make sure my conclusions are correct, Wllìm sent a mail to Pawl to confirm (after redoing the statistics to be more accura...
Language Updates | LearnNa'vi Forum
https://forum.learnnavi.org/?msg=688346
A word order tendency: old information to the front
2023-07-09 — ... not mine, would be appropriate, although I'm not sure how much space you'd want to give it. As for the very intriguing idea of a relationship between fronted definites and obligatory initial topicals (in Forest Na'vi, that is!), let's punt on that for the time being. My hunch at this point is that the two phenomena, while resulting in the same word order, have different motivations. But ...
Na'viteri
https://naviteri.org/2023/05/reef-navi-part-2-morphology-syntax-lexicon-and-more/
Reef Na'vi part 2: Morphology, Syntax, Lexicon... and more
2023-05-05 — ...nd sometimes used. Reef Syntax Na'vi word order, as you know, is remarkably free, and many reorderings of the elements of a given sentence remain grammatical. One exception, however, concerns the topical. Up to now, we've seen that a noun phrase in the topical case must come at the beginning of its clause. The major syntactic difference between FN and RN is that in RN, the topical is not restrict...
Language Updates | LearnNa'vi Forum
https://forum.learnnavi.org/?msg=682691
Contrasting nominalized phrases: futa vs. tsata
2023-02-25 — ...lä sa'nokìl tsta fo 'ivì'awn. 3. Oel new fta fo kivä, slä sa'nokìl tsta ivì'awn. 4. Oel new fta fo kivä, sa'nokìri 'ivì'awn. I was confused by the fourth one, with the topical, and this was his explanation, About 4: One of the uses of the topical is to change focus: I've been talking about A, now I'm turning my attention to B. In English, that function is achieved ...
Na'viteri
https://naviteri.org/2022/12/trr-anawm-polaheiem-the-great-day-has-arrived/
Trr anawm poläheiem! - The great day has arrived!
2022-12-15 — ...39; Recall that txukx not only indicates physical depth but can also refer to feelings, thoughts, and ideas, just as "deep" can in English. The thing you care about is indicated either by the topical or with teri : Ngari po ke txukxefu kaw'it. 'He doesn't care a bit about you.' Furia teri lì'fya awngeyä nga txukxefu nìftxan, seiyi irayo. 'Thank you for caring so much about...
Na'viteri
https://naviteri.org/2022/05/results-of-the-tttc/
Results of the TTTC!
2022-05-31 — ...of repetition because English pronouns are so short and sweet. But personal pronouns in Na'vi are often two and three syllables. Instead, idiomatic Na'vi does something different: It uses the topical to "set the stage," so to speak, in this case placing the whole sentence in the context "as for us..." Once that's established, the related personal pronouns can generally be omit...
Language Updates | LearnNa'vi Forum
https://forum.learnnavi.org/?msg=678709
Which comes first, srake or the topical?
2022-05-06 — ...(and much-prepared-for) wave of new Na'vi learners, and with it a whole lot of new perspectives and questions about the language! Hence a question that arrived today: "Can srake go before the topical?" The conventional wisdom has been that if you're going to use srake over srak, it should go first, but also that the topical leads a clause outside of poetic constants. Which brings us to a ...
Language Updates | LearnNa'vi Forum
https://forum.learnnavi.org/?msg=673693
Sno with topical
2020-11-27 — There was no reason to doubt this was possible, but after some searching I wasn't able to find an example to put in the Horen, so I asked Paul if sno could refer back to a topical which was clearly acting as a subject. I gave these examples: Skxawngìri zìmup ulte sneyä tsko kxakx. The idiot fell and broke his/her (own) bow. Tawtuteri snohu perängkxo tengkrr terìran mì na'r...
Na'viteri
https://naviteri.org/2020/05/tipusawm-tiuseyng-si-okvur-a-eltur-titxen-si-asking-answering-and-an-interesting-story/
Tìpusawm, Tì'useyng, sì 'Okvur a Eltur Tìtxen Si - Asking, Answering, and an Interesting Story
2020-05-28 — ...f you don't know, ask me.' 'eyng (vin.) 'answer, respond, respond to' Unlike pawm , 'eyng is always used intransitively. So the "object" of 'answer' is in the topical: Oeyä tipawmìri po 'oleyng. 'He answered my question.' Other examples: Ngeyä tìleymìri Eywa 'oleyng. 'Eywa has answered your call.' Sìpawmìri sneyä aynumeyuä karyu 'eyng. ...
Na'viteri
https://naviteri.org/2017/09/zisikrr-amip-ayliu-amip-new-words-for-the-new-season/
Zìsìkrr amip, aylì'u amip — New words for the new season
2017-09-30 — ...leym 'call out, cry out' kem(wiä) 'unfair, unjustified'—that is, when you protest, you cry out that something is unfair. The verb is intransitive. When you protest something, use the topical case or teri -. To protest that something is unfair, we use the tsnì construction, which as you know is used for complements of certain intransitive verbs, like sìlpey and mowar si . Oe leymkem! Fìts...
Na'viteri
https://naviteri.org/2014/09/stxeli-alor-the-text/
Stxeli Alor: The text
2014-09-30 — ...pa li zerängup krrka mesrr. Blue Elf October 3, 2014 at 12:44 am Nìvingkap – sngum si is interesting construction, so far we could write: Lu oeru sngum a X – I'm afraid/worried that X. What about topical sngum si? X-ri oe sngum si. Is the meaning the same or it differs somehow? Pawl October 4, 2014 at 3:17 pm Good observation, ma B. E. You're right–there are two ways to express worry, and I don&...
Na'viteri
https://naviteri.org/2014/08/stxeli-alor-a-beautiful-gift/
Stxeli Alor – A Beautiful Gift
2014-08-31 — ...pa li zerängup krrka mesrr. Blue Elf October 3, 2014 at 12:44 am Nìvingkap – sngum si is interesting construction, so far we could write: Lu oeru sngum a X – I'm afraid/worried that X. What about topical sngum si? X-ri oe sngum si. Is the meaning the same or it differs somehow? Pawl October 4, 2014 at 3:17 pm Good observation, ma B. E. You're right–there are two ways to express worry, and I don&...
LearnNa'vi Wiki
https://wiki.learnnavi.org/index.php/Canon/2013#Ordinals_.26_nume
Ordinals & nume
2013-06-05 — ...... and I feared as much. From Pawl: As for nume, I've been thinking of it as intransitive, in the sense of 'acquire knowledge or understanding.' So to learn X, you use nume with X in the topical: For example, here's some film dialog they asked me for that was never used: You must learn to hunt with a bow and arrow. Tsko swizawfa a tìtaronìri zene fko nivume. So, nume is intransitive ... ...
LearnNa'vi Wiki
https://wiki.learnnavi.org/index.php/Canon/2012/July-December#allergies
allergies
2012-07-26 — ...o the dictionary, but the language class at the MeetUp in seattle also established "being allergic to something" ______(-ri/-ìri) lu _______ fnetxum. The allergic person or animal goes in the topical (-ri/-ìri) and the allergen is the subject with fnetxum as the predicate. Oeri lu swoa fnetxum. = "I am allergic to 'alcohol'." This is canonical from the last dialogue in the class.
Language Updates | LearnNa'vi Forum
https://forum.learnnavi.org/?msg=541820
Wait a minute. Pey is intransitive?
2012-04-23 — Indeed it is. Today I talked to Pawl on Skype and asked him very quickly about the verb pey, and he confirmed that it is used intransitively, and with thing waited for in topical case, which is consistent with how he used it in the ma sempul message. Apologies for no written quote.
LearnNa'vi Wiki
https://wiki.learnnavi.org/index.php/Canon/2011/April-December#Topical_Position
Topical Position
2011-09-08 — I asked him if my strong suspicion about the location of the topical was correct. Quote from: Karyu Pawl Ngaru tìyawr. The topical comes at the head of its clause. Poetic syntax, of course, is little indication of the rules for ordinary prose. "I thee wed" and...
Language Updates | LearnNa'vi Forum
https://forum.learnnavi.org/?msg=369413
Sì'eyng a ftu Na'rìng #°12: transitivity and verbs of speaking
2010-12-16 — ...h Verbs of Speaking This came out of a discussion thread which I cannot find now. The issue was, if I say, "she asked me that" what case should "me" go in? There were partisans of the topical, though many thought the dative was the best bet. That was the decision: with a verb of speaking, the person addressed goes into the dative: Pol oeru polawm tsat She asked me that. Second decision: ...
Language Updates | LearnNa'vi Forum
https://forum.learnnavi.org/?msg=323681
Eana relìri leiam nga sayrìp nìtxan nang!
2010-10-04 — ...look extremely handsome in your blue photo." (He didn't comment specifically on the non-blue version ("before") photo, but I wouldn't take that personally.) ) The grammar uses the topical marker -ìri and that's on the "photo". The phrase «mì rel» (or «relmì», "in the photo/picture") does not appear anywhere in what he said. This is a good reminder to us to not try ...
Na'viteri
https://naviteri.org/2010/08/a-na%e2%80%99vi-alphabet/
A Na'vi alphabet
2010-08-20 — ... quotation marks–for example, the "airquote vibe" T.A. mentions (great term!)–san... sìk is inappropriate. Hivahaw nìmwey, ma Tirea Aean. Kä'eng August 20, 2010 at 1:09 pm Nice to see the topical used with pamrel si for the thing being written. I always cringe when I see something like pamrel si 'upxarer or pamrel si vurur… the dative ought to be reserved for the person(s) being written t...
Language Updates | LearnNa'vi Forum
https://forum.learnnavi.org/?msg=154488
Combining Our Efforts II
2010-03-22 — ...words such as "yerik" get pluralized to "ayerik" creating a diphthong situation, would they be pronounced "ay.e.rik" or as "a.yer.ik" Under what circumstances does the topical "-ìri" ending become just "-ri" (as in your "kem(ì)ri" from the Good Morning America materials)? Final stops are unreleased. Are they considered unreleased in synaphea or onl...